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1. CERT-EU may cooperate with counterparts in the Union other than those referred to in Article 17 which are subject to Union cybersecurity requirements, including industry sector-specific counterparts, on tools and methods, such as techniques, tactics, procedures and best practices, and on cyber threats and vulnerabilities. For all cooperation with such counterparts, CERT-EU shall seek prior approval from the IICB on a case-by-case basis. Where CERT-EU establishes cooperation with such counterparts, it shall inform any relevant Member State counterparts referred to in Article 17(1), in the Member State in which the counterpart is located. Where applicable and appropriate, such cooperation and the conditions thereof, including regarding cybersecurity, data protection and information handling, shall be established in specific confidentiality arrangements such as contracts or administrative arrangements. The confidentiality arrangements shall not require prior approval by the IICB, but the Chair of the IICB shall be informed. In the case of an urgent and imminent need to exchange cybersecurity information in the interests of Union entities or another party, CERT-EU may do so with an entity whose specific competence, capacity and expertise are justifiably required to assist with such an urgent and imminent need, even if CERT-EU does not have a confidentiality arrangement in place with that entity. In such cases, CERT-EU shall immediately inform the Chair of the IICB, and shall report to the IICB by means of regular reports or meetings.

2. CERT-EU may cooperate with partners, such as commercial entities, including industry sector-specific entities, international organisations, non-Union national entities or individual experts, to gather information on general and specific cyber threats, near misses, vulnerabilities and possible countermeasures. For wider cooperation with such partners, CERT-EU shall seek prior approval from the IICB on a case-by-case basis.

3. CERT-EU may, with the consent of the Union entity affected by an incident and provided that a non-disclosure arrangement or contract is in place with the relevant counterpart or partner, provide information related to the specific incident to counterparts or partners referred to in paragraphs 1 and 2 solely for the purpose of contributing to its analysis.