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for t > 1 000 s [W m-2] o. 380-3 000 (Visible, IRA and IRB) Hskin = 20 000 t0,25 for t < 10 s H: [J m-2] t: [seconds] skin burn Note 1: The range of 300 to 700 nm covers parts of UVB, all UVA and most of visible radiation; however, the associated hazard is commonly referred to as ‘blue light’ hazard. Blue light strictly speaking covers only the range of approximately 400 to 490 nm. Note 2: For steady fixation of very small sources with an angular subtense < 11 mrad, LB can be converted to EB. This normally applies only for ophthalmic instruments or a stabilized eye during anaesthesia. The maximum ‘stare time’ is found by: tmax = 100/EB with EB expressed in W m-2. Due to eye movements during normal visual tasks this does not exceed 100 s. Table 1.2 S (λ) [dimensionless], 180 nm to 400 nm λ in nm S (λ) λ in nm S (λ) λ in nm S (λ) λ in nm S (λ) λ in nm S (λ) 180 0,0120 228 0,1737 276 0,9434 324 0,000520 372 0,000086 181 0,0126 229 0,1819 277 0,9272 325 0,000500 373 0,000083 182 0,0132 230 0,1900 278 0,9112 326 0,000479 374 0,000080 183 0,0138 231 0,1995 279 0,8954 327 0,000459 375 0,000077 184 0,0144 232 0,2089 280 0,8800 328 0,000440 376 0,000074 185 0,0151 233

0,4815 301 0,2210 349 0,000207 397 0,000033 206 0,0551 254 0,5000 302 0,1629 350 0,000200 398 0,000032 207 0,0595 255 0,5200 303 0,1200 351 0,000191 399 0,000031 208 0,0643 256 0,5437 304 0,0849 352 0,000183 400 0,000030 209 0,0694 257 0,5685 305 0,0600 353 0,000175 210 0,0750 258 0,5945 306 0,0454 354 0,000167 211 0,0786 259 0,6216 307 0,0344 355 0,000160 212 0,0824 260 0,6500 308 0,0260 356 0,000153 213 0,0864 261 0,6792 309 0,0197 357 0,000147 214 0,0906 262 0,7098 310 0,0150 358 0,000141 215 0,0950 263 0,7417 311 0,0111 359 0,000136 216 0,0995 264 0,7751 312 0,0081 360 0,000130 217 0,1043 265 0,8100 313 0,0060 361 0,000126 218 0,1093 266 0,8449 314 0,0042 362 0,000122 219 0,1145 267 0,8812 315 0,0030 363 0,000118 220 0,1200 268 0,9192 316 0,0024 364 0,000114 221 0,1257 269 0,9587 317 0,0020 365 0,000110 222 0,1316 270 1,0000 318 0,0016 366 0,000106 223 0,1378 271 0,9919 319 0,0012 367 0,000103 224 0,1444 272 0,9838 320 0,0010 368 0,000099 225 0,1500 273 0,9758 321 0,000819 369 0,000096 226 0,1583 274 0,9679 322 0,000670 370 0,000093 227 0,1658 275 0,9600 323 0,000540 371 0,000090 Table 1.3 B (λ), R (λ) [dimensionless], 380 nm to 1 400 nm

Non-coherent optical radiation The biophysically relevant exposure values to optical radiation can be determined with the formulae below. The formulae to be used depend on the range of radiation emitted by the source and the results should be compared with the corresponding exposure limit values indicated in Table 1.1. More than one exposure value and corresponding exposure limit can be relevant for a given source of optical radiation. Numbering (a) to (o) refers to corresponding rows of Table 1.1.

(a) (Heff is only relevant in the range 180 to 400 nm) (b) (HUVA is only relevant in the range 315 to 400 nm) (c), (d) (LB is only relevant in the range 300 to 700 nm) (e), (f) (EB is only relevant in the range 300 to 700 nm) (g) to (l) (See Table 1.1 for appropriate values of λ1 and λ2) (m), (n) (EIR is only relevant in the range 780 to 3 000 nm) (o) (Hskin is only relevant in the range 380 to 3 000 nm) For the purposes of this Directive, the formulae above can be replaced by the following expressions and the use of discrete values as set out in the following tables:

(a) (b) (c), (d) (e), (f) (g) to (l) (See Table 1.1 for appropriate values of λ1 and λ2) (m), (n) (o) Notes: Eλ (λ,t), Eλ

spectral irradiance or spectral power density: the radiant power incident per unit area upon a surface, expressed in watts per square metre per nanometre [W m-2 nm-1]; values of Eλ (λ, t) and Eλ come from measurements or may be provided by the manufacturer of the equipment; Eeff effective irradiance (UV range): calculated irradiance within the UV wavelength range 180 to 400 nm spectrally weighted by S (λ), expressed in watts per square metre [W m-2]; H radiant exposure: the time integral of the irradiance, expressed in joules per square metre [J m-2]; Heff effective radiant exposure: radiant exposure spectrally weighted by S (λ), expressed in joules per square metre [J m-2]; EUVA total irradiance (UVA): calculated irradiance within the UVA wavelength range 315 to 400 nm, expressed in watts per square metre [W m-2]; HUVA radiant exposure: the time and wavelength integral or sum of the irradiance within the UVA wavelength range 315 to 400 nm, expressed in joules per square metre [J m-2]; S (λ) spectral weighting taking into account the wavelength dependence of the health effects of UV radiation on eye and skin, (Table 1.2) [dimensionless]; t, Δt

time, duration of the exposure, expressed in seconds [s]; λ wavelength, expressed in nanometres [nm]; Δ λ bandwidth, expressed in nanometres [nm], of the calculation or measurement intervals; Lλ (λ), Lλ spectral radiance of the source expressed in watts per square metre per steradian per nanometre [W m-2 sr -1 nm-1]; R (λ) spectral weighting taking into account the wavelength dependence of the thermal injury caused to the eye by visible and IRA radiation (Table 1.3) [dimensionless]; LR effective radiance(thermal injury): calculated radiance spectrally weighted by R (λ) expressed in watts per square metre per steradian [W m-2 sr -1]; B (λ) spectral weighting taking into account the wavelength dependence of the photochemical injury caused to the eye by blue light radiation (Table 1.3) [dimensionless]; LB effective radiance(blue light): calculated radiance spectrally weighted by B (λ), expressed in watts per square metre per steradian [W m-2 sr -1]; EB effective irradiance (blue light): calculated irradiance spectrally weighted by B (λ) expressed in watts per square metre [W m-2]; EIR

total irradiance (thermal injury): calculated irradiance within the infrared wavelength range 780 nm to 3 000 nm expressed in watts per square metre [W m-2]; Eskin total irradiance (visible, IRA and IRB): calculated irradiance within the visible and infrared wavelength range 380 nm to 3 000 nm, expressed in watts per square metre [W m-2]; Hskin radiant exposure: the time and wavelength integral or sum of the irradiance within the visible and infrared wavelength range 380 to 3 000 nm, expressed in joules per square metre (J m-2); α angular subtense: the angle subtended by an apparent source, as viewed at a point in space, expressed in milliradians (mrad). Apparent source is the real or virtual object that forms the smallest possible retinal image. Table 1.1 Exposure limit values for non-coherent optical radiation Index Wavelength nm Exposure limit value Units Comment Part of the body Hazard a. 180-400 (UVA, UVB and UVC) Heff = 30 Daily value 8 hours [J m-2] eye cornea conjunctiva lens skin photokeratitis conjunctivitis cataractogenesis erythema elastosis skin cancer b. 315-400 (UVA) HUVA = 104 Daily value 8 hours [J m-2] eye lens cataractogenesis c. 300-700

(Blue light) see note 1 for t ≤ 10 000 s LB :[W m-2 sr-1] t: [seconds] for α ≥ 11 mrad eye retina photoretinitis d. 300-700 (Blue light) see note 1 LB = 100 for t > 10 000 s [W m-2 sr-1] e. 300-700 (Blue light) see note 1 for t ≤ 10 000 s EB: [W m-2] t: [seconds] for α < 11 mrad see note 2 f. 300-700 (Blue light) see note 1 EB = 0,01 t >10 000 s [W m-2] g. 380-1 400 (Visible and IRA) for t >10 s [W m-2 sr-1] Cα = 1,7 for α ≤ 1,7 mrad Cα = α for 1,7 ≤ α ≤ 100 mrad Cα = 100 for α > 100 mrad λ1= 380; λ2= 1 400 eye retina retinal burn h. 380-1 400 (Visible and IRA) for 10 μs ≤ t ≤ 10 s LR:[W m-2 sr-1] t: [seconds] i. 380-1 400 (Visible and IRA) for t <10 μs [W m-2 sr-1] j. 780-1 400 (IRA) for t > 10 s [W m-2 sr-1] Cα = 11 for α ≤ 11 mrad Cα = α for 11≤ α ≤ 100 mrad Cα = 100 for α > 100 mrad (measurement field-of-view: 11 mrad) λ1= 780; λ2= 1 400 eye retina retinal burn k. 780-1 400 (IRA) for 10 μs ≤ t ≤ 10 s LR: [W m-2 sr-1] t: [seconds] l. 780-1 400 (IRA) for t < 10 μs [W m-2 sr-1] m. 780-3 000 (IRA and IRB) EIR = 18 000 t-0,75 for t ≤ 1 000 s E: [W m-2] t: [seconds] eye cornea lens corneal burn cataractogenesis n. 780-3 000 (IRA and IRB) EIR = 100

0,2188 281 0,8568 329 0,000425 377 0,000072 186 0,0158 234 0,2292 282 0,8342 330 0,000410 378 0,000069 187 0,0166 235 0,2400 283 0,8122 331 0,000396 379 0,000066 188 0,0173 236 0,2510 284 0,7908 332 0,000383 380 0,000064 189 0,0181 237 0,2624 285 0,7700 333 0,000370 381 0,000062 190 0,0190 238 0,2744 286 0,7420 334 0,000355 382 0,000059 191 0,0199 239 0,2869 287 0,7151 335 0,000340 383 0,000057 192 0,0208 240 0,3000 288 0,6891 336 0,000327 384 0,000055 193 0,0218 241 0,3111 289 0,6641 337 0,000315 385 0,000053 194 0,0228 242 0,3227 290 0,6400 338 0,000303 386 0,000051 195 0,0239 243 0,3347 291 0,6186 339 0,000291 387 0,000049 196 0,0250 244 0,3471 292 0,5980 340 0,000280 388 0,000047 197 0,0262 245 0,3600 293 0,5780 341 0,000271 389 0,000046 198 0,0274 246 0,3730 294 0,5587 342 0,000263 390 0,000044 199 0,0287 247 0,3865 295 0,5400 343 0,000255 391 0,000042 200 0,0300 248 0,4005 296 0,4984 344 0,000248 392 0,000041 201 0,0334 249 0,4150 297 0,4600 345 0,000240 393 0,000039 202 0,0371 250 0,4300 298 0,3989 346 0,000231 394 0,000037 203 0,0412 251 0,4465 299 0,3459 347 0,000223 395 0,000036 204 0,0459 252 0,4637 300 0,3000 348 0,000215 396 0,000035 205 0,0510 253

λ in nm B (λ) R (λ) 300 ≤ λ < 380 0,01 — 380 0,01 0,1 385 0,013 0,13 390 0,025 0,25 395 0,05 0,5 400 0,1 1 405 0,2 2 410 0,4 4 415 0,8 8 420 0,9 9 425 0,95 9,5 430 0,98 9,8 435 1 10 440 1 10 445 0,97 9,7 450 0,94 9,4 455 0,9 9 460 0,8 8 465 0,7 7 470 0,62 6,2 475 0,55 5,5 480 0,45 4,5 485 0,32 3,2 490 0,22 2,2 495 0,16 1,6 500 0,1 1 500 < λ ≤ 600 100,02 ·(450 - λ) 1 600 < λ ≤ 700 0,001 1 700 < λ ≤ 1 050 — 100,002 · (700 - λ) 1 050 < λ ≤ 1 150 — 0,2 1 150 < λ ≤ 1 200 — 0,2 · 100,02 ·(1 150 - λ) 1 200 < λ ≤ 1 400 — 0,02