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1. For the purposes of this Regulation, the definitions in Regulation (EU) 2018/858 shall apply. The following definitions shall also apply:

(a) ‘average specific emissions of CO2’ means, in relation to a manufacturer, the average of the specific emissions of CO2 of all new passenger cars or of all new light commercial vehicles of which it is the manufacturer;

————— (h) ‘specific emissions of CO2’ means the CO2 emissions of a passenger car or a light commercial vehicle measured in accordance with Regulation (EC) No 715/2007 and its implementing Regulations and specified as the CO2 mass emissions (combined) in the certificate of conformity of the vehicle. For passenger cars or light commercial vehicles which are not type-approved in accordance with Regulation (EC) No 715/2007, ‘specific emissions of CO2’ means the CO2 emissions measured pursuant to Regulation (EC) No 715/2007, notably in accordance with the same measurement procedure as specified in Regulation (EC) No 692/2008 until 31 December 2020, and from 1 January 2021 in Regulation (EU) 2017/1151, or in accordance with procedures adopted by the Commission to establish the CO2 emissions for such vehicles;

————— (j) ‘specific emissions target’ means, in relation to a manufacturer, the annual target determined in accordance with Annex I or, if the manufacturer is granted a derogation in accordance with Article 10, the specific emissions target determined according to that derogation;

(k) ‘EU fleet-wide target’ means the average CO2 emissions of all new passenger cars or all new light commercial vehicles to be achieved in a given period;

(l) ‘test mass’ or ‘TM’ means the test mass of a passenger car or light commercial vehicle as stated in the certificate of conformity and as defined in point 3.2.25 of Annex XXI to Regulation (EU) 2017/1151;

(m) ‘zero- and low-emission vehicle’ means a passenger car or a light commercial vehicle with tailpipe emissions from zero up to 50 g CO2/km, as determined in accordance with Regulation (EU) 2017/1151.

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2. For the purposes of this Regulation, ‘a group of connected manufacturers’ means a manufacturer and its connected undertakings. In relation to a manufacturer, ‘connected undertakings’ means:

(a) undertakings in which the manufacturer has, directly or indirectly:

(i) the power to exercise more than half the voting rights; or (ii) the power to appoint more than half the members of the supervisory board, board of management or bodies legally representing the undertaking; or (iii) the right to manage the undertaking's affairs;

(b) undertakings which directly or indirectly have, over the manufacturer, the rights or powers referred to in point (a);

(c) undertakings in which an undertaking referred to in point (b) has, directly or indirectly, the rights or powers referred to in point (a);

(d) undertakings in which the manufacturer together with one or more of the undertakings referred to in point (a), (b) or (c), or in which two or more of the latter undertakings, jointly have the rights or powers referred to in point (a);

(e) undertakings in which the rights or the powers referred to in point (a) are jointly held by the manufacturer or one or more of its connected undertakings referred to in points (a) to (d) and one or more third parties.