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1. The Member States and the Commission shall inform each other of the measures taken under this Regulation and share any other relevant information at their disposal in connection with this Regulation, in particular information in respect of:

(a) authorisations granted or denied under this Regulation;

(b) information received under Article 5g;

(c) violation and enforcement problems, penalties applied for infringements of the provisions of this Regulation and judgments handed down by national courts;

(d) detected instances of breach, circumvention and attempts at breach or circumvention of the prohibitions set out in this Regulation including through the use of crypto-assets.

2. The Member States shall immediately inform each other and the Commission of any other relevant information at their disposal which might affect the effective implementation of this Regulation.

2a. The Commission may, in consultation with the Member States and on the basis of reciprocity, exchange with the competent authorities of a partner country as listed in Annex VIII information concerning third-country trade, transactions and operators for the purpose of preventing circumvention of the prohibitions set out in this Regulation, to the extent that it is relevant and necessary for the effective implementation of this Regulation. Where that information contains personal data, the exchange shall be done under the conditions set out in Chapter V of Regulation (EU) 2018/1725. If, on an exceptional basis, the information referred to in the first subparagraph relates to an operator established in a Member State, the Commission shall obtain the agreement of the competent authorities of the Member States concerned before any exchange of that information.

3. Any information provided or received in accordance with this Article shall be used for the purposes for which it was provided or received, including ensuring the effectiveness of the measures set out in this Regulation.

4. Any document held by the Council, the Commission or the High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy (the ‘High Representative’) for the purpose of ensuring the enforcement of the measures set out in this Regulation, or of preventing the violation or circumvention thereof, shall be subject to professional secrecy and shall enjoy the protection afforded by the rules applicable to the Union institutions. That protection shall also apply to the joint proposals from the High Representative and the Commission for the amendment of this Regulation and to any preparatory documents related to them. It shall be presumed that the disclosure of any documents or proposals referred to in the first subparagraph would harm the security of the Union or that of one or more of its Member States or the conduct of their international relations.