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ACCOUNTING OF RENEWABLE ENERGY USED FOR HEATING AND COOLING PART A: ACCOUNTING OF RENEWABLE ENERGY FROM HEAT PUMPS USED FOR HEATING The amount of aerothermal, geothermal or hydrothermal energy captured by heat pumps to be considered to be energy from renewable sources for the purposes of this Directive, ERES, shall be calculated in accordance with the following formula: ERES = Qusable * (1 – 1/SPF) where PART B: ACCOUNTING OF RENEWABLE ENERGY USED FOR COOLING 1. DEFINITIONS When calculating renewable energy used for cooling the following definitions shall apply:

(1) ‘cooling’ means the extraction of heat from an enclosed or indoor space (comfort application) or from a process in order to reduce the space or process temperature to, or maintain it at, a specified temperature (set point); for cooling systems, the extracted heat is rejected into and absorbed by the ambient air, ambient water or the ground, where the environment (air, ground, and water) provides a sink for the heat extracted and thus functions as a cold source;

(2) ‘cooling system’ means an assembly of components consisting of a heat extraction system, one or several cooling devices and a heat rejection system, complemented in the case of active cooling with a cooling medium in the form of fluid that work together to generate a specified heat transfer and, thus, ensures a required temperature;

(a) for space cooling, the cooling system can be either a free cooling system or a cooling system embedding a cooling generator, and for which cooling is one of the primary functions;

(b) for process cooling, the cooling system is embedding a cooling generator, and for which cooling is one of the primary functions;

(3) ‘free cooling’ means a cooling system using a natural cold source to extract heat from the space or process to be cooled via fluid(s) transportation with pump(s) and/or fan(s) and which does not require the use of a cooling generator;

(4) ‘cooling generator’ means the part of a cooling system that generates a temperature difference allowing heat extraction from the space or process to be cooled, using a vapour compression cycle, a sorption cycle or driven by another thermodynamic cycle, used when the cold source is unavailable or insufficient;

(5) ‘active cooling’ means the removal of heat from a space or process, for which an energy input is needed to meet the cooling demand, used when the natural flow of energy is unavailable or insufficient and can occur with or without a cooling generator;

(6) ‘passive cooling’ means the removal of heat by the natural flow of energy through conduction, convection, radiation or mass transfer without the need for moving a cooling fluid to extract and reject heat or to generate a lower temperature with a cooling generator, including decreasing the need for cooling by building design features such as building insulation, green roof, vegetal wall, shading or increased building mass, by ventilation or by using comfort fans;

(7) ‘ventilation’ means the natural or forced movement of air to introduce ambient air inside a space with the aim to ensure appropriate indoor air quality, including temperature;

(8) ‘comfort fan’ means a product that includes a fan and electric motor assembly to move air and provide summer comfort by increasing the air speed around human body giving a thermal feeling of coolness;

(9) ‘renewable energy quantity for cooling’ means the cooling supply that has been generated with a specified energy efficiency expressed as a Seasonal Performance Factor calculated in primary energy;

(10) ‘heat sink’ or ‘cold source’ means an external natural sink into which the heat extracted from the space or process is transferred; it can be ambient air, ambient water in the form of natural or artificial water bodies and geothermal formations beneath the surface of solid earth;

(11) ‘heat extraction system’ means a device that removes heat from the space or process to be cooled, such as an evaporator in a vapour compression cycle;

(12) ‘cooling device’ means a device designed to perform active cooling;

(13) ‘heat rejection system’ means the device where the final heat transfer from the cooling medium to the heat sink occurs, such as the air-to-refrigerant condenser in an air-cooled vapour compression cycle;

(14) ‘energy input’ means the energy needed to transport the fluid (free cooling), or the energy needed to transport the fluid and to drive the cooling generator (active cooling with a cooling generator);

(15) ‘district cooling’ means the distribution of thermal energy in the form of chilled liquids, from central or decentralised sources of production through a network to multiple buildings or sites, for the use of space or process cooling;

(16) ‘primary seasonal performance factor’ means a metric of the primary energy conversion efficiency of the cooling system;

(17) ‘equivalent full load hours’ means the number of hours a cooling system runs with full load to produce the amount of cooling that it actually produces during a year but at varying loads;

(18) ‘Cooling Degree Days’ means the climate values computed with a base of 18 °C used as input to determine equivalent full load hours.

2. SCOPE

1. When calculating the amount of renewable energy used for cooling, Member States shall count active cooling, including district cooling, regardless of whether it is free cooling or a cooling generator is used.

— SEER and SEPR are seasonal performance factors () (SEER stands for ‘Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio’, SEPR stands for ‘Seasonal Energy Performance Ratio’) in final energy defined according to Regulation (EU) 2016/2281 and Regulation (EU) No 206/2012;

— η is the average ratio of total gross production of electricity to the primary energy consumption for electricity production in the EU (η = 0.475 and 1/η = 2.1). F(1) and F(2) are correction factors according to Regulation (EU) 2016/2281 and the linked Commission Communication. These coefficients do not apply to process cooling in Regulation (EU) 2016/2281 as the SEPR final energy metrics is directly used. In absence of adapted values, the same values used for SEER conversion shall be used for the SEPR conversion. SPF boundary conditions

For defining the SPF of the cooling generator, the SPF boundary conditions defined in Regulation (EU) No 2281/2016 and in Regulation (EU) No 206/2012 shall be used. In the case of water-to-air and water-to-water cooling generators, the energy input required to make the cold source available is included via the F(2) correction factor. The SPF boundary conditions are shown in Figure 1. These boundary conditions shall apply for all cooling systems, either free cooling systems or systems containing cooling generators. These boundary conditions are similar to the ones for heat pumps (used in heating mode) in Commission Decision 2013/114/EU (). The difference is that for heat pumps, the electricity consumption corresponding to auxiliary power consumption (thermostat-off mode, standby mode, off mode, crankcase heater) is not taken into account to evaluate the SPF. However, as in the case of cooling both standard SPF values and measured SPF will be used, and given the fact that in the measured SPF auxiliary consumption is taken into account, it is necessary to include auxiliary power consumption in both situations.

For district cooling, distribution cold losses and distribution pump electric consumption between the cooling plant and the customer substation shall not be included in the estimation of the SPF. In the case of air based cooling systems ensuring also the ventilation function, the cooling supply due to ventilation air flow shall not be accounted. The fan power needed for the ventilation shall also be discounted in proportion of the ratio of the ventilation air flow to the cooling air flow. Figure 1 Illustration of SPF boundary conditions for cooling generator using standard SPF and district cooling (and other large cooling systems using measured SPF), where EINPUT_AUX is the energy input to fan and/or pump and EINPUT_CG the energy input to the cooling generator In the case of air based cooling systems with internal cold recovery, the cooling supply due to the cold recovery shall not be accounted. The fan power needed for the cold recovery performed by the heat exchanger shall be discounted in proportion of the ratio of the pressure losses due to the cold recovery heat exchanger to the total pressure losses of the air based cooling system.

3.4. Calculation using standard values

A simplified method may be used for individual cooling systems of less than 1.5 MW capacity, for which a standard SPF value is available, to estimate the total cooling energy supplied. Under the simplified method, the cooling energy supplied by the cooling system (QCsupply) is the nominal cooling capacity (Pc) multiplied by the number of equivalent full load hours (EFLH). A single Cooling Degree Days (CDD) value may be used for a whole country, or distinct values for different climate zones provided that nominal capacities and SPFs are available for these climate zones. The following default methods may be used to compute EFLH:

— for space cooling in the residential sector: EFLH = 96 + 0.85 * CDD — for space cooling in the tertiary sector: EFLH = 475 + 0.49 * CDD — for process cooling: EFLH = τs * (7300 + 0.32 * CDD) Where: τs is an activity factor to account for the operation time of the specific processes (e.g. all year long τs = 1, not on weekends τs = 5/7). There is no default value.

3.4.1. Calculation using measured values