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LIST OF EXAMPLES OF RESTORATION MEASURES REFERRED TO IN ARTICLE 14(16) (1) Restore wetlands, by rewetting drained peatlands, removing peatland drainage structures or de-poldering and discontinuing peat excavation.

(2) Improve hydrological conditions by increasing quantity, quality and dynamics of surface waters and groundwater levels for natural and semi-natural ecosystems.

(3) Remove unwanted scrub encroachment or non-native plantations on grasslands, wetlands, forests and sparsely vegetated land.

(4) Apply paludiculture.

(5) Re-establish the meandering of rivers and reconnect artificially cut meanders or oxbow lakes.

(6) Remove longitudinal and lateral barriers,such as dikes and dams; give more space to river dynamics and restore free-flowing river stretches.

(7) Re-naturalise riverbeds and lakes and lowland watercourses by, for example. removing artificial bed fixation, optimising substrate composition, improving or developing habitat cover.

(8) Restore natural sedimentation processes.

(9) Establish riparian buffers, such as riparian forests, buffer strips, meadows or pastures.

(10) Increase ecological features in forests, such as large, old and dying trees (habitat trees) and amounts of lying and standing deadwood.

(11) Work towards a diversified forest structure in terms of, for example, species composition and age, enable natural regeneration and succession of tree species.

(12) Assist migration of provenances and species where it may be needed due to climate change.

(13) Enhance forest diversity by restoring mosaics of non-forest habitats such as open patches of grassland or heathland, ponds or rocky areas.

(14) Make use of ‘close-to-nature’ or ‘continuous cover’ forestry approaches; introduce native tree species.

(15) Enhance the development of old-growth native forests and mature stands, for example, by abandonment of harvesting or by active management which favours development of autoregulatory functions and appropriate resilience.

(16) Introduce high-diversity landscape features in arable land and intensively used grassland, such as buffer strips, field margins with native flowers, hedgerows, trees, small forests, terrace walls, ponds, habitat corridors and stepping stones, etc.

(17) Increase the agricultural area subject to agro-ecological management approaches such as organic agriculture or agro-forestry, multicropping and crop rotation, integrated pest and nutrient management.

(18) Reduce grazing intensity or mowing regimes on grasslands where relevant and re-establish extensive grazing with domestic livestock and extensive mowing regimes where they were abandoned.

(19) Stop or reduce the use of chemical pesticides as well as chemical and animal manure fertilisers.

(20) Stop ploughing grassland and introducing seeds of productive grasses.

(21) Remove plantations on former dynamic inland dune systems to re-enable natural wind dynamics in favour of open habitats.

(22) Improve connectivity across habitats to enable the development of populations of species, and to allow for sufficient individual or genetic exchange as well as for species’ migration and adaptation to climate change.

(23) Allow ecosystems to develop their own natural dynamics for example by abandoning harvesting and promoting naturalness and wilderness.

(24) Remove and control invasive alien species, and prevent or minimise new introductions.

(25) Minimise negative impacts of fishing activities on the marine ecosystem, for example by using gear with less impact on seabed.

(26) Restore important fish spawning and nursery areas.

(27) Provide structures or substrates to encourage the return of marine life in support of the restoration of coral, oyster or boulder reefs.

(28) Restore seagrass meadows and kelp forests by actively stabilising the sea bottom, reducing and, where possible, eliminating pressures or by active propagation and planting.

(29) Restore or improve the state of characteristic native species population vital to the ecology of marine habitats by conducting passive or active restoration measures, for example, introducing juveniles.

(30) Reduce various forms of marine pollution, such as nutrient loading, noise pollution and plastic waste.

(31) Increase urban green spaces with ecological features, such as parks, trees and woodland patches, green roofs, wildflower grasslands, gardens, city horticulture, tree-lined streets, urban meadows and hedges, ponds and watercourses, taking into consideration, inter alia, species diversity, native species, local conditions and resilience to climate change.

(32) Stop, reduce or remediate pollution from pharmaceuticals, hazardous chemicals, urban and industrial wastewater, and other waste including litter and plastics as well as light in all ecosystems.

(33) Convert brownfield sites, former industrial areas and quarries into natural sites.