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5. Multi-country projects may be implemented by recourse to any of the following mechanisms:

(a) joint undertakings;

(b) European Research Infrastructure Consortia;

(c) the Union’s agencies;

(d) independently by the Member States concerned;

(e) to promote the execution of important projects of common European interest under Article 107(3), point (b), TFEU;

(f) European digital infrastructure consortia, in accordance with Articles 13 to 21;

(g) other appropriate implementation mechanisms.

1. Taking into account proposals for multi-country projects in the national roadmaps and joint commitments, the Commission shall, in close cooperation with the Member States, prepare and publish, as an annex to the Report on the Digital Decade, the strategic principles and priorities for the implementation of multi-country projects, and a progress report on the multi-country projects selected for implementation at the time of the publication of the Report on the Digital Decade.

2. All Union programmes and investment schemes may, if allowed by the acts establishing them, contribute to a multi-country project.

3. A third country may participate in a multi-country project if that country is associated to a directly managed Union programme which supports the digital transformation of the Union, and if its participation is necessary to facilitate the achievement of the general objectives and digital targets with regard to the Union and the Member States. Such an associated third country, including in its financial contributions, shall comply with the rules arising from the Union programmes and investment schemes contributing to the multi-country project.

4. Other entities, whether public or private, may contribute to multi-country projects, where appropriate. Complementary private contributions shall contribute to the achievement of the purpose and goals laid down in Article 10(1) and (2) and shall support, where relevant, open access to results and their reuse in the interest of citizens and businesses in the Union.