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1. For the purpose of providing financial assistance under this Title, cooperation between the Union, the ACP States and OCTs may take the form, inter alia, of:

(a) triangular arrangements by which the Union coordinates with any third country its assistance to an ACP State, OCTs or region;

(b) administrative cooperation measures such as twinning between the public institutions, local authorities, national public bodies or private law entities entrusted with public service tasks of a Member State or an outermost region, and those of an ACP State or OCTs or their region, as well as cooperation measures involving public-sector experts dispatched from the Member States and their regional and local authorities;

(c) expert facilities for targeted capacity building in the ACP State, OCTs or their region and short-term technical assistance and advice to them, as well as support of sustainable centres of knowledge and excellence on governance and reform in the public sector;

(d) contributions to the costs necessary to set up and administer a public-private partnership;

(e) sector policy support programmes, by which the Union provides support to an ACP State's or OCTs' sector programme;

(f) interest rate subsidies.

2. In addition to the types of financing provided for in Articles 30 to 37, financial assistance may also be provided through the following:

(a) debt relief, under internationally agreed debt relief programmes;

(b) in exceptional cases, sectoral and general import programmes, which may take the form of:

(i) sectoral import programmes in kind, (ii) sectoral import programmes providing foreign exchange to finance imports for the sector in question, or (iii) general import programmes providing foreign exchange to finance general imports of a wide range of products.

3. Financial assistance may also be provided through contributions to international, regional or national funds, such as those established or managed by the EIB, Member States or by ACP States or OCTs and regions or by international organisations, for attracting joint financing from a number of donors, or to funds set up by one or more donors for the purpose of the joint implementation of projects. Reciprocal access by Union financial institutions to financial instruments set up by other organisations shall be promoted, as appropriate.

4. Actions financed under the 11th EDF may be implemented with parallel or joint co-financing. In the case of parallel co-financing, an action is to be split into a number of clearly identifiable components which are each financed by the different partners providing co-financing in such a way that the end-use of the financing can always be identified. In the case of joint co-financing, the total cost of an action is to be shared between the partners providing the co-financing and the resources are to be pooled in such a way that it is no longer possible to identify the source of financing for any given activity undertaken as part of the action.

5. In implementing its support to transition and reform in ACP States and OCTs, the Union shall draw on and share the experiences of Member States and lessons learned.