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1. Member States shall ensure that the legislative, regulatory or administrative provisions restricting access to, or the pursuit of, regulated professions that they introduce, and that the amendments that they make to existing provisions, are suitable for securing the attainment of the objective pursued and do not go beyond what is necessary to attain that objective.

2. To that end, before adopting the provisions referred to in paragraph 1, Member States shall consider:

(a) the nature of the risks related to the public interest objectives pursued, in particular the risks to service recipients, including consumers, to professionals or to third parties;

(b) whether existing rules of a specific or more general nature, such as those contained in product safety law or consumer protection law, are insufficient for the attainment of the objective pursued;

(c) the suitability of the provision as regards its appropriateness to attain the objective pursued and whether it genuinely reflects that objective in a consistent and systematic manner and thus addresses the risks identified in a similar way as in comparable activities;

(d) the impact on the free movement of persons and services within the Union, on consumer choice and on the quality of the service provided;

(e) the possibility of using less restrictive means to achieve the public interest objective; for the purposes of this point, where the provisions are justified by consumer protection only and where the risks identified are limited to the relationship between the professional and the consumer, and therefore do not negatively affect third parties, Member States shall assess in particular whether the objective can be attained by means that are less restrictive than reserving activities;

(f) the effect of new or amended provisions, when combined with other provisions restricting access to, or the pursuit of, the profession, and in particular how the new or amended provisions, combined with other requirements contribute to and whether they are necessary for the achievement of the same public interest objective. Member States shall also consider the following elements where relevant to the nature and the content of the provision being introduced or amended:

(a) the connection between the scope of activities covered by a profession or reserved to it and the professional qualification required;

(b) the connection between the complexity of the tasks concerned and the need for those carrying them out to possess specific professional qualifications, in particular as regards the level, the nature and the duration of the training or experience required;

(c) the possibility of obtaining the professional qualification by alternative routes;

(d) whether, and why, the activities reserved to certain professions can or cannot be shared with other professions;

(e) the degree of autonomy in exercising a regulated profession and the impact of organisational and supervision arrangements on the attainment of the objective pursued, in particular where the activities relating to a regulated profession are pursued under the control and responsibility of a duly qualified professional;

(f) the scientific and technological developments which may effectively reduce or increase the asymmetry of information between professionals and consumers.

3. For the purposes of point (f) of the first subparagraph of paragraph 2, Member States shall assess the effect of the new or amended provision when combined with one or more requirements, bearing in mind the fact that such effects might be positive as well as negative, and in particular the following:

(a) reserved activities, protected professional title or any other form of regulation within the meaning of point (a) of Article 3(1) of Directive 2005/36/EC;

(b) obligations to undergo continuous professional development;

(c) rules relating to the organisation of the profession, professional ethics and supervision;

(d) compulsory membership of a professional organisation or body, registration or authorisation schemes, in particular where those requirements imply the possession of a specific professional qualification;

(e) quantitative restrictions, in particular requirements limiting the number of authorisations to practise, or fixing a minimum or a maximum number of employees, managers or representatives holding specific professional qualifications;

(f) specific legal form requirements or requirements which relate to the shareholding or management of a company, to the extent those requirements are directly linked to the exercise of the regulated profession;

(g) territorial restrictions, including where the profession is regulated in parts of a Member State’s territory in a manner that is different to the way in which it is regulated in other parts;

(h) requirements restricting the exercise of a regulated profession jointly or in partnership, as well as incompatibility rules;

(i) requirements concerning insurance cover or other means of personal or collective protection with regard to professional liability;

(j) language knowledge requirements, to the extent necessary to practise the profession;

(k) fixed minimum and/or maximum tariff requirements;

(l) requirements on advertising.

4. Before introducing new, or amending existing, provisions, Member States shall, in addition, ensure the compliance with the principle of the proportionality of specific requirements related to temporary or occasional provision of services, provided under Title II of Directive 2005/36/EC, including:

(a) automatic temporary registration with or pro forma membership of a professional organisation or body, referred to in point (a) of the first paragraph of Article 6 of Directive 2005/36/EC;

(b) a declaration to be made in advance pursuant to Article 7(1) of Directive 2005/36/EC, documents required pursuant to paragraph 2 of that Article or any other equivalent requirement;

(c) the payment of a fee, or any charges, required for the administrative procedures, related to the access to, or the pursuit of, regulated professions which the service provider incurs. This paragraph shall not apply to measures designed to ensure compliance with applicable employment terms and conditions that Member States apply in accordance with Union law.

5. Where provisions referred to in this Article concern the regulation of healthcare professions and have patient safety implications, Member States shall take account of the objective of ensuring a high level of human health protection.