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1. The period of validity of an authorisation for researchers shall be at least one year, or for the duration of the hosting agreement where this is shorter. The authorisation shall be renewed if Article 21 does not apply. The duration of the authorisation for researchers who are covered by Union or multilateral programmes that comprise mobility measures shall be at least two years, or for the duration of the hosting agreement where this is shorter. If the general conditions laid down in Article 7 are not met for the two years or for the whole duration of the hosting agreement, the first subparagraph of this paragraph shall apply. Member States shall retain the right to verify that the grounds for withdrawal set out in Article 21 do not apply.

2. The period of validity of an authorisation for students shall be at least one year, or for the duration of studies where this is shorter. The authorisation shall be renewed if Article 21 does not apply.

The duration of the authorisation for students who are covered by Union or multilateral programmes that comprise mobility measures or by an agreement between two or more higher education institutions shall be at least two years, or for the duration of their studies where this is shorter. If the general conditions laid down in Article 7 are not met for the two years or for the whole duration of the studies, the first subparagraph of this paragraph shall apply. Member States shall retain the right to verify that the grounds for withdrawal set out in Article 21 do not apply.

3. Member States may determine that the total time of residence for studies shall not exceed the maximum duration of studies as defined in national law.

4. The period of validity of an authorisation for school pupils shall be for the duration of the pupil exchange scheme or the educational project where this is shorter than one year, or for a maximum of one year. Member States may decide to allow the renewal of the authorisation once for the period necessary to complete the pupil exchange scheme or the educational project if Article 21 does not apply.

5. The period of validity of an authorisation for au pairs shall be for the duration of the agreement between the au pair and the host family where this is shorter than one year, or for a maximum period of one year. Member States may decide to allow the renewal of the authorisation once for a maximum period of six months, after a justified request by the host family, if Article 21 does not apply.

6. The period of validity of an authorisation for trainees shall be for the duration of the training agreement where this is shorter than six months, or for a maximum of six months. If the duration of the agreement is longer than six months, the duration of the validity of the authorisation may correspond to the period concerned in accordance with national law. Member States may decide to allow the renewal of the authorisation once for the period necessary to complete the traineeship if Article 21 does not apply.

7. The period of validity of an authorisation for volunteers shall be for the duration of the agreement referred to in point (a) of Article 14(1) where this is shorter than one year, or for a maximum period of one year. If the duration of the agreement is longer than one year, the duration of the validity of the authorisation may correspond to the period concerned in accordance with national law.

8. Member States may determine that, in case the validity of the travel document of the third-country national concerned is shorter than one year or shorter than two years in the cases referred to in paragraphs 1 and 2, the period of validity of the authorisation shall not exceed the period of validity of the travel document.

9. Where Member States allow entry and residence during the first year on the basis of a long-stay visa, an application for a residence permit shall be submitted before the expiry of the long-stay visa. The residence permit shall be issued if Article 21 does not apply.