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1. Without undue delay and in any event by 8 September 2025, each Union entity shall, under the oversight of its highest level of management, take appropriate and proportionate technical, operational and organisational measures to manage the cybersecurity risks identified under the Framework, and to prevent or minimise the impact of incidents. Taking into account the state of the art and, where applicable, relevant European and international standards, those measures shall ensure a level of security of network and information systems across the entirety of the ICT environment commensurate to the cybersecurity risks posed. When assessing the proportionality of those measures, due account shall be taken of the degree of the Union entity’s exposure to cybersecurity risks, its size and the likelihood of occurrence of incidents and their severity, including their societal, economic and interinstitutional impact.

2. Union entities shall address at least the following domains in the implementation of the cybersecurity risk-management measures:

(a) cybersecurity policy, including measures needed to reach objectives and priorities referred to in Article 6 and paragraph 3 of this Article;

(b) policies on cybersecurity risk analysis and information system security;

(c) policy objectives regarding the use of cloud computing services;

(d) cybersecurity audit, where appropriate, which may include a cybersecurity risk, vulnerability and cyber threat assessment, and penetration testing carried out by a trusted private provider on a regular basis;

(e) implementation of recommendations resulting from cybersecurity audits referred to in point (d) through cybersecurity and policy updates;

(f) organisation of cybersecurity, including establishment of roles and responsibilities;

(g) asset management, including ICT asset inventory and ICT network cartography;

(h) human resources security and access control;

(i) operations security;

(j) communications security;

(k) system acquisition, development and maintenance, including policies on vulnerability handling and disclosure;

(l) where possible, policies on the transparency of the source code;

(m) supply chain security, including security-related aspects concerning the relationships between each Union entity and its direct suppliers or service providers;

(n) incident handling and cooperation with CERT-EU, such as the maintenance of security monitoring and logging;

(o) business continuity management, such as backup management and disaster recovery, and crisis management; and (p) promotion and development of cybersecurity education, skills, awareness-raising, exercise and training programmes. For the purposes of the first subparagraph, point (m), Union entities shall take into account the vulnerabilities specific to each direct supplier and service provider and the overall quality of products and cybersecurity practices of their suppliers and service providers, including their secure development procedures.

3. Union entities shall take at least the following specific cybersecurity risk-management measures:

(a) technical arrangements to enable and sustain teleworking;

(b) concrete steps for moving towards zero-trust principles;

(c) the use of multifactor authentication as a norm across network and information systems;

(d) the use of cryptography and encryption, in particular end-to-end encryption, as well as secure digital signing;

(e) where appropriate, secured voice, video and text communications, and secured emergency communications systems within the Union entity;

(f) proactive measures for detection and removal of malware and spyware;

(g) the establishment of software supply chain security through criteria for secure software development and evaluation;

(h) the establishment and adoption of training programmes on cybersecurity commensurate to the prescribed tasks and expected capabilities for the highest level of management and members of staff of the Union entity tasked with ensuring the effective implementation of this Regulation;

(i) regular cybersecurity training of staff members;

(j) where relevant, participation in interconnectivity risk analyses between the Union entities;

(k) the enhancement of procurement rules to facilitate a high common level of cybersecurity through:

(i) the removal of contractual barriers that limit information sharing from ICT service providers about incidents, vulnerabilities and cyber threats with CERT-EU;

(ii) contractual obligations to report incidents, vulnerabilities and cyber threats as well as to have appropriate incident response and monitoring mechanisms in place.