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(20) There is currently no internationally-agreed definition of ‘traditional knowledge associated with genetic resources’. Without prejudice to the competence and responsibility of the Member States for matters relating to traditional knowledge associated with genetic resources and the implementation of measures to safeguard indigenous and local communities’ interests, in order to ensure flexibility and legal certainty for providers and users, this Regulation should make reference to traditional knowledge associated with genetic resources as described in benefit-sharing agreements.

(21) With a view to ensuring the effective implementation of the Nagoya Protocol, all users of genetic resources and traditional knowledge associated with genetic resources should exercise due diligence to ascertain whether genetic resources and traditional knowledge associated with genetic resources have been accessed in accordance with applicable legal or regulatory requirements and to ensure that, where relevant, benefits are fairly and equitably shared. In that context, competent authorities should accept internationally-recognised certificates of compliance as evidence that the genetic resources covered were legally accessed and that mutually agreed terms were established for the user and the utilisation specified therein. The specific choices made by users as regards the tools and measures to apply in order to exercise due diligence should be supported through the recognition of best practices, as well as complementary measures in support of sectoral codes of conduct, model contractual clauses and guidelines with a view to increasing legal certainty and reducing costs. The obligation on users to keep information which is relevant for access and benefit-sharing should be limited in time and in accordance with the time-frame for potential innovation.

(22) The successful implementation of the Nagoya Protocol depends on users and providers of genetic resources or of traditional knowledge associated with genetic resources negotiating mutually agreed terms that lead to fair and equitable benefit-sharing and contribute to the Nagoya Protocol’s wider objective of contributing to the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity. Users and providers are also encouraged to raise awareness of the importance of genetic resources and of traditional knowledge associated with genetic resources.

(23) The due diligence obligation should apply to all users irrespective of their size, including micro, small and medium-sized enterprises. This Regulation should offer a range of measures and tools to enable micro, small and medium-sized enterprises to comply with their obligations at an affordable cost and with a high level of legal certainty.

(24) Best practices developed by users should play an important role in identifying due diligence measures that are particularly suitable for achieving compliance with the system of implementation of the Nagoya Protocol at an affordable cost and with a high level of legal certainty. Users should build on existing access and benefit-sharing codes of conduct developed for the academic, university and non-commercial research sectors and different industries. Associations of users should be able to request that the Commission determine whether it is possible for a specific combination of procedures, tools or mechanisms overseen by an association to be recognised as best practice. Competent authorities of the Member States should consider that the implementation of a recognised best practice by a user reduces that user’s risk of non-compliance and justifies a reduction in compliance checks. The same should apply to best practices adopted by the Parties to the Nagoya Protocol.

(25) Under the Nagoya Protocol check-points must be effective and should be relevant to the utilisation of genetic resources. At identified points in the chain of activities that constitute utilisation, users should declare and provide evidence, when requested, that they have exercised due diligence. One suitable point for such a declaration is when research funds are received. Another suitable point is at the final stage of utilisation, meaning at the stage of final development of a product before requesting market approval for a product developed via the utilisation of genetic resources or traditional knowledge associated with such resources, or, where market approval is not required, at the stage of final development of a product before first placing it on the Union market. In order to ensure the effectiveness of check-points, while at the same time increasing legal certainty for users, implementing powers should be conferred on the Commission in accordance with Article 291(2) of the Treaty of the Functioning of the European Union. The Commission should make use of those implementing powers to determine the stage of final development of a product, in accordance with the Nagoya Protocol, in order to identify the final stage of utilisation in different sectors.

(26) It is important to acknowledge that the Access and Benefit-Sharing Clearing House would play an important role in implementing the Nagoya Protocol. In accordance with Articles 14 and 17 of the Nagoya Protocol, information would be submitted to the Access and Benefit-Sharing Clearing House as part of the internationally-recognised certificate of compliance process. The competent authorities should cooperate with the Access and Benefit-Sharing Clearing House to ensure that the information is exchanged to facilitate the monitoring by the competent authorities of the compliance of users.

(27) The collection of genetic resources in the wild is mostly undertaken for non-commercial purposes by academic, university and non-commercial researchers or collectors. In the vast majority of cases and in almost all sectors, newly-collected genetic resources are accessed through intermediaries, collections, or agents that acquire genetic resources in third countries.

(28) Collections are major suppliers of genetic resources and traditional knowledge associated with genetic resources utilised in the Union. As suppliers they can play an important role in helping other users in the chain of custody to comply with their obligations. In order to do so, a system of registered collections within the Union should be put in place through the establishment of a voluntary register of collections to be maintained by the Commission. Such a system would ensure that collections included in the register effectively apply measures restricting the supply of samples of genetic resources to third persons with documentation providing evidence of legal access, and ensure the establishment of mutually agreed terms, where required. A system of registered collections within the Union should substantially lower the risk that genetic resources which were not accessed in accordance with the national access and benefit-sharing legislation or regulatory requirements of a Party to the Nagoya Protocol are utilised in the Union. The competent authorities of Member States should verify if a collection meets the requirements for recognition as a collection for inclusion in the register. Users that obtain a genetic resource from a collection included in the register should be considered to have exercised due diligence as regards the seeking of all necessary information. This should prove particularly beneficial for academic, university and non-commercial researchers as well as small and medium-sized enterprises and should contribute to a reduction in administrative and compliance requirements.

(29) Competent authorities of Member States should check whether users comply with their obligations, have obtained prior informed consent and have established mutually agreed terms. Competent authorities should also keep records of the checks made, and relevant information should be made available in accordance with Directive 2003/4/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council .

(30) Member States should ensure that infringements of the rules implementing the Nagoya Protocol are sanctioned by means of effective, proportionate and dissuasive penalties.

(31) Taking into account the international character of access and benefit-sharing transactions, competent authorities of the Member States should cooperate with each other, with the Commission, and with the competent national authorities of third countries in order to ensure that users comply with this Regulation and support an effective application of the rules implementing the Nagoya Protocol.

(32) The Union and the Member States should act in a proactive manner to ensure that the objectives of the Nagoya Protocol are achieved in order to increase resources to support the conservation of biological diversity and the sustainable use of its components globally.

(33) The Commission and the Member States should take appropriate complementary measures to enhance the effectiveness of the implementation of this Regulation and to lower costs, particularly where this would benefit academic, university and non-commercial researchers and small and medium-sized enterprises.

(34) In order to ensure uniform conditions for the implementation of this Regulation, implementing powers should be conferred on the Commission. Those powers should be exercised in accordance with Regulation (EU) No 182/2011 of the European Parliament and of the Council .

(35) Since the objective of this Regulation, namely to support the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising from the utilisation of genetic resources in accordance with the Nagoya Protocol, cannot be sufficiently achieved by the Member States but can rather, by reason of its scale and the need to ensure the functioning of the internal market, be better achieved at Union level, the Union may adopt measures, in accordance with the principle of subsidiarity as set out in Article 5 of the Treaty on European Union. In accordance with the principle of proportionality as set out in that Article, this Regulation does not go beyond what is necessary to achieve that objective.

(36) The date of entry into force of this Regulation should be directly correlated to the entry into force of the Nagoya Protocol for the Union in order to ensure equal conditions at Union and global level in activities relating to access and benefit-sharing of genetic resources,