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1. Where, in the area without internal border control, there is a serious threat to public policy or internal security in a Member State, that Member State may exceptionally reintroduce border control at all or specific parts of its internal borders. A serious threat to public policy or internal security may, in particular, be considered to arise from:

(a) terrorist incidents or threats, and threats posed by serious organised crime;

(b) large-scale public health emergencies;

(c) an exceptional situation characterised by sudden large-scale unauthorised movements of third-country nationals between the Member States, putting a substantial strain on the overall resources and capacities of well-prepared competent authorities and which is likely to put at risk the overall functioning of the area without internal border control, as evidenced by information analysis and all available data, including from relevant Union agencies;

(d) large scale or high profile international events;

2. In all cases, border control at internal borders shall be reintroduced only as a measure of last resort. The scope and duration of the temporary reintroduction of border control shall not exceed what is strictly necessary to respond to the serious threat identified. Border control may only be reintroduced or prolonged pursuant to Articles 25a and 28 where a Member State has established that such a measure is necessary and proportionate, taking into account the criteria referred to in Article 26(1), and, where such control is prolonged, also taking into account the risk assessment referred to in Article 26(2). Border control may also be reintroduced in accordance with Article 29, taking into account the criteria referred to in Article 30.

3. Where the same serious threat persists, border control at internal borders may be prolonged in accordance with Articles 25a or 29, or, where the threat relates to large-scale public health emergencies, Article 28.

The same serious threat shall be considered to persist where the justification put forward by the Member State for prolonging border control is based on the same grounds as those that justified the initial reintroduction of the border control.