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Common general framework for the calculation of the energy performance of buildings (referred to in Article 4)

1. The energy performance of a building shall be determined on the basis of calculated or metered energy use and shall reflect typical energy use for space heating, space cooling, domestic hot water, ventilation, built-in lighting and other technical building systems. Member States shall ensure that the typical energy use is representative of actual operating conditions for each relevant typology and reflects the typical user behaviour. Where possible, typical energy use and typical user behaviour shall be based on available national statistics, building codes and metered data. Where metered energy use is the basis for calculating the energy performance of buildings, the calculation methodology shall be capable of identifying the influence of the behaviour of occupants and the local climate, which shall not be reflected in the result of the calculation. Metered energy use for the purpose of calculating the energy performance of buildings shall require readings of at least monthly intervals and must differentiate between energy carriers. Member States may use metered energy consumption under typical operating conditions to verify the correctness of the calculated energy use and enable comparison between calculated and actual performance. Metered energy consumption for the purposes of verification and comparison may be based on monthly readings. The energy performance of a building shall be expressed by a numeric indicator of primary energy use per unit of reference floor area per year, in kWh/(m2.y) for the purposes of both energy performance certification and compliance with minimum energy performance requirements. The methodology applied for the determination of the energy performance of a building shall be transparent and open to innovation. Member States shall describe their national calculation methodology on the basis of Annex A to the key European standards on the energy performance of buildings, namely (EN) ISO 52000-1, (EN) ISO 52003-1, (EN) ISO 52010-1, (EN) ISO 52016-1, (EN) ISO 52018-1, (EN) ISO 52120-1, EN 16798-1 and EN 17423 or superseding documents. This provision shall not constitute a legal codification of those standards. Member States shall take the necessary measures to ensure that, where buildings are supplied by district heating or cooling systems, the benefits of such supply are recognised and accounted for in the calculation methodology, in particular the renewable energy share, through individually certified or recognised primary energy factors.

2. The energy needs and energy use for space heating, space cooling, domestic hot water, ventilation, lighting and other technical building systems shall be calculated using monthly, hourly or sub-hourly time calculation intervals in order to account for varying conditions that significantly affect the operation and performance of the system and the indoor conditions, and to optimise health, indoor air quality, including comfort levels, defined by Member States at national or regional level. Where product-specific regulations for energy-related products adopted under Directive 2009/125/EC include specific product information requirements for the purpose of calculating energy performance and life-cycle GWP under this Directive, national calculation methods shall not require additional information. The calculation of primary energy shall be based on regularly updated and forward-looking primary energy factors (distinguishing non-renewable, renewable and total) or weighting factors per energy carrier, which have to be recognised by the national authorities and taking into account the expected energy mix on the basis of its national energy and climate plan. Those primary energy factors or weighting factors may be based on national, regional or local information. Primary energy factors or weighting factors may be set on an annual, seasonal, monthly, daily or hourly basis or on more specific information made available for individual district systems. Primary energy factors or weighting factors shall be defined by Member States. The choices made and data sources shall be reported according to EN 17423 or any superseding document. Member States may opt for an average Union primary energy factor for electricity established pursuant to Directive (EU) 2023/1791 instead of a primary energy factor reflecting the electricity mix in the country.

3. For the purpose of expressing the energy performance of a building, Member States shall define additional numeric indicators of total, non-renewable and renewable primary energy use, and of operational greenhouse gas emissions produced in kgCO2eq/(m2.y).

4. The methodology shall be laid down taking into consideration at least the following aspects:

(a) the following actual thermal characteristics of the building including its internal partitions:

(i) thermal capacity;

(ii) insulation;

(iii) passive heating;

(iv) cooling elements;

(v) thermal bridges;

(b) heating installation and domestic hot-water supply, including their insulation characteristics;

(c) capacity of installed on-site renewable energy generation and energy storage;

(d) air-conditioning installations;

(e) natural and mechanical ventilation which may include air-tightness and heat recovery;

(f) built-in lighting installation (mainly in the non-residential sector);

(g) the design, positioning and orientation of the building, including outdoor climate;

(h) passive solar systems and solar protection;

(i) indoor climatic conditions, including the designed indoor climate;

(j) internal loads;

(k) building automation and control systems and their capabilities to monitor, control and optimise energy performance.

5. The positive influence of the following aspects shall be taken into account:

(a) local solar exposure conditions, active solar systems and other heating and electricity systems on the basis of energy from renewable sources;

(b) electricity produced by cogeneration;

(c) district or block heating and cooling systems;

(d) natural lighting;

(e) electrical storage systems;

(f) thermal storage systems.

6. For the purposes of the calculation of the energy performance of buildings, buildings should be adequately classified into the following categories:

(a) single-family houses of different types;

(b) apartment blocks;

(c) offices;

(d) educational buildings;

(e) hospitals;

(f) hotels and restaurants;

(g) sports facilities;

(h) wholesale and retail trade services buildings;

(i) other types of energy-consuming buildings.